| Fire damage / fire zone | Lender needs insurability; FAIR Plan can deny coverage; financed buyers walk | AB 38 home-hardening + defensible-space disclosure (Civ. Code §§1102.6f, 1102.19) |
| Unpermitted ADU / in-law unit | Lenders won’t fund unpermitted living space; appraiser excludes it | AB 2533 legalization path (eff. 2025) — fixable after closing |
| Soft-story building (San Jose) | $50k–$150k retrofit + city enforcement; scares end buyers | San Jose soft-story ordinance, in force April 1, 2026 |
| Knob-and-tube / galvanized plumbing | Most lenders and insurers decline pre-1940 systems | Common in pre-1940 SF / Oakland / Berkeley stock |
| Underground heating-oil tank | EPA-style closure required; financed buyers won’t touch it | Common in pre-1970 East Bay / SF homes |
| Foundation / seismic | Lenders refuse; appraiser flags settlement and slippage | USGS seismic-hazard / liquefaction zones across the Bay |